Crop-Weed Relationships in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Middleveld of Swaziland

Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube; Henry Raphael Mloza Banda

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11

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Crop-Weed Relationships in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Middleveld of Swaziland

Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube, Henry Raphael Mloza Banda

Published in American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 5, Issue 4)

Received: 3 May 2017 Accepted: 10 May 2017 Published: 7 June 2017

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Abstract

The effects of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) on weed growth were examined in a field experiment carried out at Luyengo (26°34’S; 31°12’E) in the Middleveld of Swaziland. The aim was to check consistency of competitiveness of crops under different weed removal regimes. Two series of weed removal treatments were included. In the first series, treatments of increasing duration of weed control were maintained weed-free until 3, 7 or 11 weeks after emergence of the crops. The weeds were subsequently allowed to develop till crop harvest. In the second series, weeds were allowed to develop with the crops from emergence until 3, 7 or 11 weeks after crop emergence; then the plots were kept weed-free till harvest. The weed species Oxalis latifolia, Cyperus esculentus, Amaranthus hybridus, Ipomoea purpurea and Nicandra physaloides occurred throughout the different weed-infested and weed-free interference durations. Commelina benghalensis and Acanthospermum hispidum were particularly predominant under increasing weed infestation treatments. The similarity matrix based on Jaccard’s coefficient showed that the composition of weeds under weed-free treatments in soybean was not identical to that of maize and okra, respectively. Further, the weed flora was not homogenous under different lengths of weed-free period showing the combined influence of weed removal and crop on the composition of weed infestation. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of weeds with either C₃ or C₄ photosynthetic pathways associated with the three crops. A longer equality point of weed control and interference, and lower regression coefficient between weed biomass and yield for soybean compared to maize and okra suggested decreased sensitivity of soybean to weed interference. The results indicate potential for competitive crop genotypes such as soybean for use in intentionally designed cropping systems to augment weed control practices.

Published in	American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 5, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11
Page(s)	73-83
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Critical Period, Crop–Weed Competition, Photosynthetic Pathway, Weed Biomass, Weed Density, Weed Interference, Weed Species Composition

References

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Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube, Henry Raphael Mloza Banda. (2017). Crop-Weed Relationships in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Middleveld of Swaziland. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 5(4), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11

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Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube; Henry Raphael Mloza Banda. Crop-Weed Relationships in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Middleveld of Swaziland. Am. J. Agric. For. 2017, 5(4), 73-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11

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AMA Style

Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube, Henry Raphael Mloza Banda. Crop-Weed Relationships in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Middleveld of Swaziland. Am J Agric For. 2017;5(4):73-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11,
  author = {Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube and Henry Raphael Mloza Banda},
  title = {Crop-Weed Relationships in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Middleveld of Swaziland},
  journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {73-83},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20170504.11},
  abstract = {The effects of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) on weed growth were examined in a field experiment carried out at Luyengo (26°34’S; 31°12’E) in the Middleveld of Swaziland. The aim was to check consistency of competitiveness of crops under different weed removal regimes. Two series of weed removal treatments were included. In the first series, treatments of increasing duration of weed control were maintained weed-free until 3, 7 or 11 weeks after emergence of the crops. The weeds were subsequently allowed to develop till crop harvest. In the second series, weeds were allowed to develop with the crops from emergence until 3, 7 or 11 weeks after crop emergence; then the plots were kept weed-free till harvest. The weed species Oxalis latifolia, Cyperus esculentus, Amaranthus hybridus, Ipomoea purpurea and Nicandra physaloides occurred throughout the different weed-infested and weed-free interference durations. Commelina benghalensis and Acanthospermum hispidum were particularly predominant under increasing weed infestation treatments. The similarity matrix based on Jaccard’s coefficient showed that the composition of weeds under weed-free treatments in soybean was not identical to that of maize and okra, respectively. Further, the weed flora was not homogenous under different lengths of weed-free period showing the combined influence of weed removal and crop on the composition of weed infestation. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of weeds with either C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways associated with the three crops. A longer equality point of weed control and interference, and lower regression coefficient between weed biomass and yield for soybean compared to maize and okra suggested decreased sensitivity of soybean to weed interference. The results indicate potential for competitive crop genotypes such as soybean for use in intentionally designed cropping systems to augment weed control practices.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Crop-Weed Relationships in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Middleveld of Swaziland
AU  - Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube
AU  - Henry Raphael Mloza Banda
Y1  - 2017/06/07
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11
T2  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JF  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JO  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
SP  - 73
EP  - 83
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8591
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11
AB  - The effects of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) on weed growth were examined in a field experiment carried out at Luyengo (26°34’S; 31°12’E) in the Middleveld of Swaziland. The aim was to check consistency of competitiveness of crops under different weed removal regimes. Two series of weed removal treatments were included. In the first series, treatments of increasing duration of weed control were maintained weed-free until 3, 7 or 11 weeks after emergence of the crops. The weeds were subsequently allowed to develop till crop harvest. In the second series, weeds were allowed to develop with the crops from emergence until 3, 7 or 11 weeks after crop emergence; then the plots were kept weed-free till harvest. The weed species Oxalis latifolia, Cyperus esculentus, Amaranthus hybridus, Ipomoea purpurea and Nicandra physaloides occurred throughout the different weed-infested and weed-free interference durations. Commelina benghalensis and Acanthospermum hispidum were particularly predominant under increasing weed infestation treatments. The similarity matrix based on Jaccard’s coefficient showed that the composition of weeds under weed-free treatments in soybean was not identical to that of maize and okra, respectively. Further, the weed flora was not homogenous under different lengths of weed-free period showing the combined influence of weed removal and crop on the composition of weed infestation. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of weeds with either C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways associated with the three crops. A longer equality point of weed control and interference, and lower regression coefficient between weed biomass and yield for soybean compared to maize and okra suggested decreased sensitivity of soybean to weed interference. The results indicate potential for competitive crop genotypes such as soybean for use in intentionally designed cropping systems to augment weed control practices.
VL  - 5
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube

Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland, Luyengo Campus, Kwaluseni, Swaziland
Henry Raphael Mloza Banda

Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland, Luyengo Campus, Kwaluseni, Swaziland

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APA Style

Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube, Henry Raphael Mloza Banda. (2017). Crop-Weed Relationships in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Middleveld of Swaziland. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 5(4), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11

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ACS Style

Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube; Henry Raphael Mloza Banda. Crop-Weed Relationships in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Middleveld of Swaziland. Am. J. Agric. For. 2017, 5(4), 73-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11

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AMA Style

Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube, Henry Raphael Mloza Banda. Crop-Weed Relationships in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Middleveld of Swaziland. Am J Agric For. 2017;5(4):73-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11,
  author = {Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube and Henry Raphael Mloza Banda},
  title = {Crop-Weed Relationships in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Middleveld of Swaziland},
  journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {73-83},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20170504.11},
  abstract = {The effects of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) on weed growth were examined in a field experiment carried out at Luyengo (26°34’S; 31°12’E) in the Middleveld of Swaziland. The aim was to check consistency of competitiveness of crops under different weed removal regimes. Two series of weed removal treatments were included. In the first series, treatments of increasing duration of weed control were maintained weed-free until 3, 7 or 11 weeks after emergence of the crops. The weeds were subsequently allowed to develop till crop harvest. In the second series, weeds were allowed to develop with the crops from emergence until 3, 7 or 11 weeks after crop emergence; then the plots were kept weed-free till harvest. The weed species Oxalis latifolia, Cyperus esculentus, Amaranthus hybridus, Ipomoea purpurea and Nicandra physaloides occurred throughout the different weed-infested and weed-free interference durations. Commelina benghalensis and Acanthospermum hispidum were particularly predominant under increasing weed infestation treatments. The similarity matrix based on Jaccard’s coefficient showed that the composition of weeds under weed-free treatments in soybean was not identical to that of maize and okra, respectively. Further, the weed flora was not homogenous under different lengths of weed-free period showing the combined influence of weed removal and crop on the composition of weed infestation. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of weeds with either C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways associated with the three crops. A longer equality point of weed control and interference, and lower regression coefficient between weed biomass and yield for soybean compared to maize and okra suggested decreased sensitivity of soybean to weed interference. The results indicate potential for competitive crop genotypes such as soybean for use in intentionally designed cropping systems to augment weed control practices.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Crop-Weed Relationships in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Middleveld of Swaziland
AU  - Temnotfo Lobesutfu Mncube
AU  - Henry Raphael Mloza Banda
Y1  - 2017/06/07
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11
T2  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JF  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JO  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
SP  - 73
EP  - 83
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8591
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.11
AB  - The effects of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) on weed growth were examined in a field experiment carried out at Luyengo (26°34’S; 31°12’E) in the Middleveld of Swaziland. The aim was to check consistency of competitiveness of crops under different weed removal regimes. Two series of weed removal treatments were included. In the first series, treatments of increasing duration of weed control were maintained weed-free until 3, 7 or 11 weeks after emergence of the crops. The weeds were subsequently allowed to develop till crop harvest. In the second series, weeds were allowed to develop with the crops from emergence until 3, 7 or 11 weeks after crop emergence; then the plots were kept weed-free till harvest. The weed species Oxalis latifolia, Cyperus esculentus, Amaranthus hybridus, Ipomoea purpurea and Nicandra physaloides occurred throughout the different weed-infested and weed-free interference durations. Commelina benghalensis and Acanthospermum hispidum were particularly predominant under increasing weed infestation treatments. The similarity matrix based on Jaccard’s coefficient showed that the composition of weeds under weed-free treatments in soybean was not identical to that of maize and okra, respectively. Further, the weed flora was not homogenous under different lengths of weed-free period showing the combined influence of weed removal and crop on the composition of weed infestation. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of weeds with either C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways associated with the three crops. A longer equality point of weed control and interference, and lower regression coefficient between weed biomass and yield for soybean compared to maize and okra suggested decreased sensitivity of soybean to weed interference. The results indicate potential for competitive crop genotypes such as soybean for use in intentionally designed cropping systems to augment weed control practices.
VL  - 5
IS  - 4
ER  -

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