Diversity, Incidence and Severity of Mistletoe on Cocoa (<i>Theobroma Cacao</i>) in Kumba, Meme Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon

Oben Tom Tabi; Pierre Haiwe; Egbe Andrew Enow

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18

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Diversity, Incidence and Severity of Mistletoe on Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) in Kumba, Meme Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon

Oben Tom Tabi, Pierre Haiwe, Egbe Andrew Enow

Published in American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 9, Issue 4)

Received: 22 June 2021 Accepted: 5 July 2021 Published: 15 July 2021

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Abstract

Cocoa is an important cash crop grown in about 400,000 ha in Cameroon and its yield remains low in spite of the use of elites’ varieties. Mistletoes are the main production limitation factor. Ecology and diversity of mistletoe are yet to be investigated in some major cocoa production areas of Cameroon. This study aimed to identify the mistletoe species infecting this crop, determine their incidence, severity and distribution, evaluate their possible sources of infection from farmers’ perspectives in the Kumba locality and appropriate management practices for these parasites. A survey was carried out in 2018, whereby samples of mistletoe on 9-17 years old cocoa plants were collected from 30 farms in 10 villages within the Kumba environs. Voucher specimens were taken for identification at the Limbe Botanic Gardens. A total of 7,279 plants were examined randomly in 3 farms per village and data obtained, analyzed using descriptive analysis and ANOVA. Three mistletoe species were identified: Phragmanthera lapathifolia, Phragmanthera batangae, and Tapinanthus globiferus. All the 10 villages surveyed, were infested with either of the parasites with Kake I having the highest incidence of 43.11% and with all the mistletoe species. Phragmanthera lapathifolia the most abundant (21.43%) of the 2,290 plants were infested. ANOVA at (P =.01;.05) showed that the local cocoa variety, Forastero was significantly susceptible than the hybrid, Trinitario. 86.6% of farmers identified birds as the main element of mistletoe dispersal; 93.3%mentioned that pruning of infected branches is best control for mistletoe. This study has established that three mistletoe parasites infest cocoa plantations in Kumba and determined their incidence, severity and distribution. Phragmanthera lapathifolia was the most abundant parasite and birds were most involved in mistletoe dispersal.

Published in	American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 9, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18
Page(s)	219-226
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Cocoa, Mistletoe Infestation, Yield Loss, Parasitic Plant, Diversity, Severity

References

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[16]	Smith DE, GM Gnahoua, F Sinclair, P Vgast 2014 Farmers in Cote d’Ivoire value integrating tree diversity on cocoa for the provision of ecosystem services. Agroforest Systems 88: 1047-1066.
[17]	Arce-Costa I, A Susan, O Garcia-Rubio 2016 Biotic factors associated with spatial distribution of mistletoe, Psittacanthus calyculatus in a tropical deciduous forest of Central Mexico. Botanical Science 94: 89-96.
[18]	Asare-Bediako E, AA Addo-Quaye, JP Tetteh, JN Buah, GC Van Der Puije, RA Acheampong 2013 Prevalence of Mistletoe on Citrus Trees in the Abura-Asebu- kwamankese District of the Central Region of Ghana. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research 2: 122-127.
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APA Style

Oben Tom Tabi, Pierre Haiwe, Egbe Andrew Enow. (2021). Diversity, Incidence and Severity of Mistletoe on Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) in Kumba, Meme Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 9(4), 219-226. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18

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ACS Style

Oben Tom Tabi; Pierre Haiwe; Egbe Andrew Enow. Diversity, Incidence and Severity of Mistletoe on Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) in Kumba, Meme Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon. Am. J. Agric. For. 2021, 9(4), 219-226. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18

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AMA Style

Oben Tom Tabi, Pierre Haiwe, Egbe Andrew Enow. Diversity, Incidence and Severity of Mistletoe on Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) in Kumba, Meme Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon. Am J Agric For. 2021;9(4):219-226. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18

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@article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18,
  author = {Oben Tom Tabi and Pierre Haiwe and Egbe Andrew Enow},
  title = {Diversity, Incidence and Severity of Mistletoe on Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) in Kumba, Meme Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon},
  journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {219-226},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20210904.18},
  abstract = {Cocoa is an important cash crop grown in about 400,000 ha in Cameroon and its yield remains low in spite of the use of elites’ varieties. Mistletoes are the main production limitation factor. Ecology and diversity of mistletoe are yet to be investigated in some major cocoa production areas of Cameroon. This study aimed to identify the mistletoe species infecting this crop, determine their incidence, severity and distribution, evaluate their possible sources of infection from farmers’ perspectives in the Kumba locality and appropriate management practices for these parasites. A survey was carried out in 2018, whereby samples of mistletoe on 9-17 years old cocoa plants were collected from 30 farms in 10 villages within the Kumba environs. Voucher specimens were taken for identification at the Limbe Botanic Gardens. A total of 7,279 plants were examined randomly in 3 farms per village and data obtained, analyzed using descriptive analysis and ANOVA. Three mistletoe species were identified: Phragmanthera lapathifolia, Phragmanthera batangae, and Tapinanthus globiferus. All the 10 villages surveyed, were infested with either of the parasites with Kake I having the highest incidence of 43.11% and with all the mistletoe species. Phragmanthera lapathifolia the most abundant (21.43%) of the 2,290 plants were infested. ANOVA at (P =.01;.05) showed that the local cocoa variety, Forastero was significantly susceptible than the hybrid, Trinitario. 86.6% of farmers identified birds as the main element of mistletoe dispersal; 93.3%mentioned that pruning of infected branches is best control for mistletoe. This study has established that three mistletoe parasites infest cocoa plantations in Kumba and determined their incidence, severity and distribution. Phragmanthera lapathifolia was the most abundant parasite and birds were most involved in mistletoe dispersal.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Diversity, Incidence and Severity of Mistletoe on Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) in Kumba, Meme Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon
AU - Oben Tom Tabi
AU - Pierre Haiwe
AU - Egbe Andrew Enow
Y1 - 2021/07/15
PY - 2021
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18
DO - 10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18
T2 - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JF - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JO - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
SP - 219
EP - 226
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2330-8591
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18
AB - Cocoa is an important cash crop grown in about 400,000 ha in Cameroon and its yield remains low in spite of the use of elites’ varieties. Mistletoes are the main production limitation factor. Ecology and diversity of mistletoe are yet to be investigated in some major cocoa production areas of Cameroon. This study aimed to identify the mistletoe species infecting this crop, determine their incidence, severity and distribution, evaluate their possible sources of infection from farmers’ perspectives in the Kumba locality and appropriate management practices for these parasites. A survey was carried out in 2018, whereby samples of mistletoe on 9-17 years old cocoa plants were collected from 30 farms in 10 villages within the Kumba environs. Voucher specimens were taken for identification at the Limbe Botanic Gardens. A total of 7,279 plants were examined randomly in 3 farms per village and data obtained, analyzed using descriptive analysis and ANOVA. Three mistletoe species were identified: Phragmanthera lapathifolia, Phragmanthera batangae, and Tapinanthus globiferus. All the 10 villages surveyed, were infested with either of the parasites with Kake I having the highest incidence of 43.11% and with all the mistletoe species. Phragmanthera lapathifolia the most abundant (21.43%) of the 2,290 plants were infested. ANOVA at (P =.01;.05) showed that the local cocoa variety, Forastero was significantly susceptible than the hybrid, Trinitario. 86.6% of farmers identified birds as the main element of mistletoe dispersal; 93.3%mentioned that pruning of infected branches is best control for mistletoe. This study has established that three mistletoe parasites infest cocoa plantations in Kumba and determined their incidence, severity and distribution. Phragmanthera lapathifolia was the most abundant parasite and birds were most involved in mistletoe dispersal.
VL - 9
IS - 4
ER -

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Author Information

Oben Tom Tabi

Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
Pierre Haiwe

Department of Agriculture, Higher Technical Teachers’ Training College, Kumba, Cameroon
Egbe Andrew Enow

Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

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APA Style

Oben Tom Tabi, Pierre Haiwe, Egbe Andrew Enow. (2021). Diversity, Incidence and Severity of Mistletoe on Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) in Kumba, Meme Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 9(4), 219-226. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18

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ACS Style

Oben Tom Tabi; Pierre Haiwe; Egbe Andrew Enow. Diversity, Incidence and Severity of Mistletoe on Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) in Kumba, Meme Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon. Am. J. Agric. For. 2021, 9(4), 219-226. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18

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AMA Style

Oben Tom Tabi, Pierre Haiwe, Egbe Andrew Enow. Diversity, Incidence and Severity of Mistletoe on Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) in Kumba, Meme Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon. Am J Agric For. 2021;9(4):219-226. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18

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@article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18,
  author = {Oben Tom Tabi and Pierre Haiwe and Egbe Andrew Enow},
  title = {Diversity, Incidence and Severity of Mistletoe on Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) in Kumba, Meme Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon},
  journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {219-226},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20210904.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20210904.18},
  abstract = {Cocoa is an important cash crop grown in about 400,000 ha in Cameroon and its yield remains low in spite of the use of elites’ varieties. Mistletoes are the main production limitation factor. Ecology and diversity of mistletoe are yet to be investigated in some major cocoa production areas of Cameroon. This study aimed to identify the mistletoe species infecting this crop, determine their incidence, severity and distribution, evaluate their possible sources of infection from farmers’ perspectives in the Kumba locality and appropriate management practices for these parasites. A survey was carried out in 2018, whereby samples of mistletoe on 9-17 years old cocoa plants were collected from 30 farms in 10 villages within the Kumba environs. Voucher specimens were taken for identification at the Limbe Botanic Gardens. A total of 7,279 plants were examined randomly in 3 farms per village and data obtained, analyzed using descriptive analysis and ANOVA. Three mistletoe species were identified: Phragmanthera lapathifolia, Phragmanthera batangae, and Tapinanthus globiferus. All the 10 villages surveyed, were infested with either of the parasites with Kake I having the highest incidence of 43.11% and with all the mistletoe species. Phragmanthera lapathifolia the most abundant (21.43%) of the 2,290 plants were infested. ANOVA at (P =.01;.05) showed that the local cocoa variety, Forastero was significantly susceptible than the hybrid, Trinitario. 86.6% of farmers identified birds as the main element of mistletoe dispersal; 93.3%mentioned that pruning of infected branches is best control for mistletoe. This study has established that three mistletoe parasites infest cocoa plantations in Kumba and determined their incidence, severity and distribution. Phragmanthera lapathifolia was the most abundant parasite and birds were most involved in mistletoe dispersal.},
 year = {2021}
}

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