Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Asa Ubong Andem; Daniel Enwongo Aniedi; Ebong Effiong Okon

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13

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Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Asa Ubong Andem, Daniel Enwongo Aniedi, Ebong Effiong Okon

Published in American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 3, Issue 6)

Received: 8 November 2015 Accepted: 18 November 2015 Published: 7 December 2015

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Abstract

The study examined the economics of bitter kola marketing in rural areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A sample size of 120 bitter kola marketers was selected for the study using a two-stage sampling procedure. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and budgeting technique. Findings reveal that 61.7% of the respondents were females with an average age of 37 years; 58.3% were married and 85% had formal education. The average household size of the respondents comprised of six persons and their average years of bitter kola marketing experience was also six years. Budgetary analysis indicated the bitter kola marketing in the study area is profitable with a marketing efficiency of 135.2%. Transportation costs, poor marketing channels, price fluctuation, perishability and seasonality of the product were the most severe constraints to bitter kola marketing faced by the respondents. -Findings recommend, among others, that the Government (State and Local Government) endeavour to provide basic infrastructure such as good road networks in the rural areas of the state since high cost of transportation was the most severe constraint to bitter kola marketing in the study area.

Published in	American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 3, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13
Page(s)	260-263
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bitter Kola, Marketing, Rural Areas, Akwa Ibom State

References

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[6]	Adebesi A. A. (2004). A case study of Garcinia kolanut production to consumption system in J4 area ofomo forest reserve south west Nigeria. In: sunder land T. and Ndoye O. (eds) forest products livelihoods and conservation case studies of non-timber forest products systems. Vol. 2. Africa. CIFOR ISBN 979-3361-25-5. pp 115-132.
[7]	Okoli, U. J., (1991). An Investigation into the Hypoglycemic Activity of GBI Biflavonoids of Garcinia kola, B. Pharm. Project, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
[8]	Adaramonye, O. A., Nwaneri, V. O. Anyanwu, K. C., Farombi, E. O. and Emerole, G. O. (2009) Possible anti-antherogenic effect of kolaviron (a Garcinia kola seed extract) in hypercholesterolaemicrats, African Journal of Biotechnology, 32(1-2): 40-46.
[9]	Yakubu, F. B., Adejoh, O. P.,Ogunade, J. O. and Igboanugo, A B. I. (2014) Vegetative propagation of Garcinia kola (Hcckel), World Journal of Agricultural Science, 10 (3): 85-90.
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APA Style

Asa Ubong Andem, Daniel Enwongo Aniedi, Ebong Effiong Okon. (2015). Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 3(6), 260-263. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13

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ACS Style

Asa Ubong Andem; Daniel Enwongo Aniedi; Ebong Effiong Okon. Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Am. J. Agric. For. 2015, 3(6), 260-263. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13

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AMA Style

Asa Ubong Andem, Daniel Enwongo Aniedi, Ebong Effiong Okon. Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Am J Agric For. 2015;3(6):260-263. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13,
  author = {Asa Ubong Andem and Daniel Enwongo Aniedi and Ebong Effiong Okon},
  title = {Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry},
  volume = {3},
  number = {6},
  pages = {260-263},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20150306.13},
  abstract = {The study examined the economics of bitter kola marketing in rural areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A sample size of 120 bitter kola marketers was selected for the study using a two-stage sampling procedure. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and budgeting technique. Findings reveal that 61.7% of the respondents were females with an average age of 37 years; 58.3% were married and 85% had formal education. The average household size of the respondents comprised of six persons and their average years of bitter kola marketing experience was also six years. Budgetary analysis indicated the bitter kola marketing in the study area is profitable with a marketing efficiency of 135.2%. Transportation costs, poor marketing channels, price fluctuation, perishability and seasonality of the product were the most severe constraints to bitter kola marketing faced by the respondents. -Findings recommend, among others, that the Government (State and Local Government) endeavour to provide basic infrastructure such as good road networks in the rural areas of the state since high cost of transportation was the most severe constraint to bitter kola marketing in the study area.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
AU  - Asa Ubong Andem
AU  - Daniel Enwongo Aniedi
AU  - Ebong Effiong Okon
Y1  - 2015/12/07
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13
T2  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JF  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JO  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
SP  - 260
EP  - 263
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8591
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13
AB  - The study examined the economics of bitter kola marketing in rural areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A sample size of 120 bitter kola marketers was selected for the study using a two-stage sampling procedure. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and budgeting technique. Findings reveal that 61.7% of the respondents were females with an average age of 37 years; 58.3% were married and 85% had formal education. The average household size of the respondents comprised of six persons and their average years of bitter kola marketing experience was also six years. Budgetary analysis indicated the bitter kola marketing in the study area is profitable with a marketing efficiency of 135.2%. Transportation costs, poor marketing channels, price fluctuation, perishability and seasonality of the product were the most severe constraints to bitter kola marketing faced by the respondents. -Findings recommend, among others, that the Government (State and Local Government) endeavour to provide basic infrastructure such as good road networks in the rural areas of the state since high cost of transportation was the most severe constraint to bitter kola marketing in the study area.
VL  - 3
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Asa Ubong Andem

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Daniel Enwongo Aniedi

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Ebong Effiong Okon

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Asa Ubong Andem, Daniel Enwongo Aniedi, Ebong Effiong Okon. (2015). Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 3(6), 260-263. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13

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ACS Style

Asa Ubong Andem; Daniel Enwongo Aniedi; Ebong Effiong Okon. Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Am. J. Agric. For. 2015, 3(6), 260-263. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13

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AMA Style

Asa Ubong Andem, Daniel Enwongo Aniedi, Ebong Effiong Okon. Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Am J Agric For. 2015;3(6):260-263. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13,
  author = {Asa Ubong Andem and Daniel Enwongo Aniedi and Ebong Effiong Okon},
  title = {Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry},
  volume = {3},
  number = {6},
  pages = {260-263},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20150306.13},
  abstract = {The study examined the economics of bitter kola marketing in rural areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A sample size of 120 bitter kola marketers was selected for the study using a two-stage sampling procedure. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and budgeting technique. Findings reveal that 61.7% of the respondents were females with an average age of 37 years; 58.3% were married and 85% had formal education. The average household size of the respondents comprised of six persons and their average years of bitter kola marketing experience was also six years. Budgetary analysis indicated the bitter kola marketing in the study area is profitable with a marketing efficiency of 135.2%. Transportation costs, poor marketing channels, price fluctuation, perishability and seasonality of the product were the most severe constraints to bitter kola marketing faced by the respondents. -Findings recommend, among others, that the Government (State and Local Government) endeavour to provide basic infrastructure such as good road networks in the rural areas of the state since high cost of transportation was the most severe constraint to bitter kola marketing in the study area.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
AU  - Asa Ubong Andem
AU  - Daniel Enwongo Aniedi
AU  - Ebong Effiong Okon
Y1  - 2015/12/07
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13
T2  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JF  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JO  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
SP  - 260
EP  - 263
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8591
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13
AB  - The study examined the economics of bitter kola marketing in rural areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A sample size of 120 bitter kola marketers was selected for the study using a two-stage sampling procedure. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and budgeting technique. Findings reveal that 61.7% of the respondents were females with an average age of 37 years; 58.3% were married and 85% had formal education. The average household size of the respondents comprised of six persons and their average years of bitter kola marketing experience was also six years. Budgetary analysis indicated the bitter kola marketing in the study area is profitable with a marketing efficiency of 135.2%. Transportation costs, poor marketing channels, price fluctuation, perishability and seasonality of the product were the most severe constraints to bitter kola marketing faced by the respondents. -Findings recommend, among others, that the Government (State and Local Government) endeavour to provide basic infrastructure such as good road networks in the rural areas of the state since high cost of transportation was the most severe constraint to bitter kola marketing in the study area.
VL  - 3
IS  - 6
ER  -

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