Effects of Inorganic Fertilisers and Sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea [L.]) as a Green Manure Crop on Maize (Zea mays [l.]) Growth, Seed Yield and Labour Cost
Mzwandile P. Mabuza,
Oghenetsavbuko T. Edje,
Gideon N. Shongwe
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2016
Pages:
56-63
Received:
30 May 2016
Accepted:
13 June 2016
Published:
23 June 2016
Abstract: Maize is the staple food in Swaziland but there have been shortfalls in production mainly due to the high cost of commercial fertilisers. One possible means of addressing the problem is the use of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), a green manuring legume, which is cheap and easy to produce. A field experiment was conducted at the Malkerns Research Station during the 2014/2015 cropping season. The main objective of the study was to evaluate whether sunnhemp can be used as a substitute for inorganic fertilisers. The treatments were (1) maize with 40 kg/ha sunnhemp used as mulch, (2) maize with 80 kg/ha sunnhemp used as mulch, (3) maize with 120 kg/ha sunnhemp used as mulch, (4) maize with 40 kg/ha sunnhemp soil incorporated, (5) maize with 80 kg/ha sunnhemp soil incorporated, (6) maize with 120 kg/ha sunnhemp soil incorporated (7) maize with no fertilisers (8) maize with half rates of inorganic fertilisers and (9) Maize with recommended rates of inorganic fertilisers. The design of the experiment was a randomized complete block design and each treatment was replicated four times. Maize variety SC 403 was used. Data were collected on sunnhemp biomass, cost of placement and rate of mineralisation. Maize data were on growth, yield and yield components. The results on labour cost of placement show that soil incorporation was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than mulching with sunnhemp being 29.8 man-days/ha while it was 18.6 man-days/ha for mulching. The amount of mineralised sunnhemp was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in incorporated sunnhemp than from sunnhemp used as mulch. Maize grown with 120 kg/ha of sunnhemp yielded 7662.7 kg/ha while maize with 40 kg/ha of sunnhemp was lowest with 7251.1 kg/ha, a yield difference of 5.4%. Maize from soil incorporated sunnhemp yielded 7519.3 kg/ha while maize grown with sunnhemp used as mulch was lower with 7325.0 kg/ha, a yield difference of 2.6%. Maize grown with the recommended rates of fertilisers yielded higher than the rest of the treatments, it yielded 8405.7 kg/ha while maize grown with 80 kg/ha of sunnhemp later used as mulch was lowest with 6945.7 kg/ha. It is concluded that labour cost of sunnhemp placement was significantly (P < 0.01) higher for soil incorporation than mulching. Nitrogen mineralisation was significantly (P < 0.05) higher when sunnhemp was incorporated than when used as mulch. It is recommended that farmers grow their maize with 80 kg/ha of sunnhemp and use it as mulch seven weeks after planting.
Abstract: Maize is the staple food in Swaziland but there have been shortfalls in production mainly due to the high cost of commercial fertilisers. One possible means of addressing the problem is the use of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), a green manuring legume, which is cheap and easy to produce. A field experiment was conducted at the Malkerns Research S...
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Identification of Ecological Threats, Pressure and Their Relative Severity of Temcha Riverine Forest, North West, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2016
Pages:
64-68
Received:
8 December 2015
Accepted:
18 December 2015
Published:
4 July 2016
Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate previous and future potential threats and pressures in the study area. It described the relative severity, coverage, permanence, probability of occurrence and the trend of threats and pressures of the forest. A reconnaissance survey was conducted from October to December 2013 to collect Ecological data. A total of 80 informants were purposively selected from adjacent kebele (the smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia) residents based on their familiarity to threats. Semi structured interview, focus group discussion and guided field walk were used as a tool for data collection. Overgrazing, wood collection, investment expansion and expansion of farmland were the first four sever pressure and threats to the forest. Cutting and clearing, soil erosion, and boundary conflict were given least main concern. The overall mean of multiple pressure trends was increased sharply and wide spread (15-50%) extent with high impact in the long term (20-100 years) permanence for rehabilitation. The overall mean of multiple threats trend was increased sharply and widespread (15-50%) extent with high impact in the long-term (20-100 years) permanence for rehabilitation. The result revealed that strong dependency on the forest is leading to aggravation of the identified threats and pressure and deterioration of Temcha Riverine forest. Raising awareness of local communities on the value of forest and ecological consequences of the observed threats is recommended as the possible management techniques.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate previous and future potential threats and pressures in the study area. It described the relative severity, coverage, permanence, probability of occurrence and the trend of threats and pressures of the forest. A reconnaissance survey was conducted from October to December 2013 to collect Ecological data. A tot...
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