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Agricultural Production Systems and Climate Change Ductility Enhancement in the Fitri Watershed in Chad
Dona Adoum,
Lamy Lamy Georges Maxime,
Anguessin Benjamine,
Fawa Guidawa,
Mapongmetsem Pierre Marie
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, July 2023
Pages:
119-127
Received:
23 April 2023
Accepted:
12 May 2023
Published:
6 July 2023
Abstract: Chad is one of the most vulnerable countries affected by climate changes. The combination of poverty, demographic pressure and overexploitation of natural resources coupled with the risks of drought and flooding, expose the country to numerous humanitarian emergencies. The objective of this study is to understand the role of agricultural production systems in building resilience to climate change in the Fitri watershed in Chad. The Faidherbia albida agroforestry system increases water infiltration and soil fertility rates and conserves biodiversity by limiting the consequences of climate change. Mixed cropping significantly reduces the risk of crop failure due to climatic variations. The survey was carried out on a sample of 178 households divided into 49, 57 and 72 households, respectively in the Mochi, Zegue and Yao areas. The floristic inventory was carried out using 50m square plots. A total of 165 plots were determined in the different farming systems. The area under each agricultural crop varies from one village to another. The ecologically important species are Faidherbia albida, Balanites aegyptiaca, Prosopis juliflora and Mangifera indica. Regardless of the area studied, the Fabaceae, Balanitaceae, Mimosaceae, Arecaceae, Rhamnaceae, Capparaceae, Meliaceae and Asclepiadaceae families have an IVF of 10 or more. The high density of woody plants in the agrosystems shows that the individuals are full of seed potential that could contribute to their renewal. The height dominance of the trees implies their carbon sequestration capacity since the sequestered carbon accumulates in the above-ground and below-ground biomass.
Abstract: Chad is one of the most vulnerable countries affected by climate changes. The combination of poverty, demographic pressure and overexploitation of natural resources coupled with the risks of drought and flooding, expose the country to numerous humanitarian emergencies. The objective of this study is to understand the role of agricultural production...
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Tree Species and Size Diversity of Akure Strict Nature Reserve, Nigeria
Oladele Fisayo Falade,
Dami Adewale Aruwajoye
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, July 2023
Pages:
128-135
Received:
31 May 2023
Accepted:
21 June 2023
Published:
11 July 2023
Abstract: Size and species structures control the natural mechanisms maintaining high structural diversity. Use of size inequality and species diversity measures singly for conservation decisions brings about inconsistent results. Therefore, most conservation efforts fail due to lack of understanding of mechanisms promoting coexistence of tree species. However, relationship between size inequality and species diversity indicates the natural mechanism promoting coexistence of high species diversity. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between tree size inequality and species diversity in Akure Strict Nature Reserve. Eighteen and twelve plots (30m × 30m) were laid on parallel transects of 3.60km long and 50m width in Old-growth and Riparian forests, respectively. Trees with diameter-at-breast-height (dbh) ≥ 10cm were counted and identified to species level. Tree diameter at base, middle and top and total height were measured using girth tape and Relaskop. Tree species diversity (Shannon-Weiner; Simpson; Margalef indices) and dbh inequality measures (Gini coefficient, Gini; Coefficient of Variation, CV; Skewness Coefficient, Skewness) were computed and compared. Stem biomass were computed and converted to carbon stock. Data were analysed using descriptive, and correlation analysis at α0.05. Fifty-five (56) tree species representing 17 families were found in the forest. Species diversity indices were higher in Riparian while size inequalities in Old-growth forests. GC correlate with Shannon-Weiner (r=0.54; n=18, p≤0.018) and Margalef (r=0.473; n=18, p≤0.04) in Old-growth while GC correlate with CV (r=0.716; n=12, p≤0.09) in Riparian forests. The size inequality measures were strongly related with each other in Riparian while species and size inequality measures were strongly related with each other in Old-growth forests. The carbon stocks of Old-growth and Riparian forests were 117.21Mg/ha and 43.47Mg/ha, respectively. Triplochiton scleroxylon and Bridelia micrantha contained highest carbon stock in Old-growth and Riparian forests, respectively. Asymmetric mode of interaction in the absence of competition shows competition for below-ground resource, especially presence of moisture and nutrient gradient. Size inequality among different and within the same species determined coexistence tree communities in Old-growth and Riparian forests of Akure Strict Nature Reserve, respectively.
Abstract: Size and species structures control the natural mechanisms maintaining high structural diversity. Use of size inequality and species diversity measures singly for conservation decisions brings about inconsistent results. Therefore, most conservation efforts fail due to lack of understanding of mechanisms promoting coexistence of tree species. Howev...
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Effect of Powdery Mildew on Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Wheat Grain
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, July 2023
Pages:
136-142
Received:
13 June 2023
Accepted:
6 July 2023
Published:
17 July 2023
Abstract: Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a key enzyme in nitrogen (N) metabolism of wheat under stress conditions. There are two views about the reaction catalyzed by GDH in plants, namely aminating and deaminating activity, so the specific function of GDH remains to be clarified. In order to clarify the specific role of GDH in wheat grain and further study the changes of GDH expression and activity under wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, Bgt) stress, field experiments were carried out with susceptible cultivar Xi’nong 979 and resistant cultivar Zhengmai 103 under three treatments. The three treatments were no inoculation (CK), inoculated once with Bgt (MP) and inoculated nine times with Bgt (HP). Results showed that GDH aminating activity was higher than that of deaminating activity in Zhengmai 103 in CK (natural conditions). In the same way, under powdery mildew conditions, there was a similar trend of higher aminating activity than deaminating activity of GDH in Zhengmai 103 at 21 and 28 days after anthesis (DAA) and Xi’nong 979 at 10 – 30 DAA in MP and HP. The results indicated that GDH mainly assimilated ammonia in grains under both natural and powdery mildew stress conditions. Meanwhile, under mild powdery mildew conditions, the GDH expression and GDH aminating activity increased with the increase of disease index (DI) at 21 and 28 DAA in Zhengmai 103 and at 10 – 15 DAA in Xi’nong 979. Under severe powdery mildew conditions, GDH expression and GDH aminating activity of Xi’nong 979 increased with the increase of DI during the period of 20 – 30 DAA. Therefore, both mild and severe powdery mildew stress could induce GDH expression and aminating activity. It showed that the main function of GDH in wheat grain was to assimilate ammonia, and powdery mildew could induce GDH expression and aminating activity.
Abstract: Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a key enzyme in nitrogen (N) metabolism of wheat under stress conditions. There are two views about the reaction catalyzed by GDH in plants, namely aminating and deaminating activity, so the specific function of GDH remains to be clarified. In order to clarify the specific role of GDH in wheat grain and further stud...
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Thin Cell Layer Culture of Chukrasia tabularis A. Fuss and Coffea sp.
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, July 2023
Pages:
143-150
Received:
20 June 2023
Accepted:
5 July 2023
Published:
17 July 2023
Abstract: Vietnam has planning in re-forest of Chukrasia tabularis, a special-use forest and re-culture of Coffea sp., an industrial crops. The first barrier is seedlings for supplying higher demand from farmers. Using thin cell layer culture method is one of the ways to resolve seedlings of woody species. Results gave capacities using thin cell layer of shoot-tips in regeneration and using them for far propagation. Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss: Shoot tip from the pot was used as material to establish in vitro plant and was cultured on medium MS + BA (0.1mg/l) to rise up 5.7 shoots/sample and shoot height 12mm after 30 days cultivation. In vitro plantlets were used as materials for thin cell layer cultivation. Samples of leaves and slices of shoot tip were cultured on medium MS + BA (0.1mg/l) + CW (10%) to initiate 2.2 shoots/leaf sample and 5.8 shoots/slices of shoot tip sample. Using 2 genotypes from Con Dao and Lang Son to show not different in shoot initiation of 5.4-5.6 shoots/sample. Shoots were regenerated and rooted well on medium MS + NAA (0.1mg/l). The thin cell layer culture of Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss was established. Coffea sp.: Shoot tip from the pot plant was used as material for set up in vitro plantlet by cultiavting on medium WPM + BA (0.1mg/l) after 45 days. In vitro plantlets were used as material for thin cell layer on medium MS + Adenin (20mg/l) + kinetin (1mg/l) + BA (3mg/l) and to rise up 5.2 shoots/leaf sample (1cm2) and 6.2 shoots/shoot tip meristem sample after 45 days cultivation. Using 2 clones of Coffea sp. as C. robusta and C. arabica in cultivation to imitiate 4-6 shoots/robusta leaf sample and 3-5 shoots/arabica leaf sample. Plantlets were regenerated and rooted well on medium WPM + IBA (0.6mg/l). The thin cell layer culture of Coffea sp. was established.
Abstract: Vietnam has planning in re-forest of Chukrasia tabularis, a special-use forest and re-culture of Coffea sp., an industrial crops. The first barrier is seedlings for supplying higher demand from farmers. Using thin cell layer culture method is one of the ways to resolve seedlings of woody species. Results gave capacities using thin cell layer of sho...
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Characterization of Natural Regeneration of Three Local Multipurpose Tree Species in the Ouaddaï sahelian Zone of Chad
Brahim Abdoulaye,
Fawa Guidawa,
Wangbitching Jean de Dieu,
Van Damme Patrick,
Mapongmetsem Pierre Marie
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, July 2023
Pages:
151-160
Received:
13 July 2023
Accepted:
31 July 2023
Published:
4 August 2023
Abstract: In the Sahelian zone of Ouaddaï in Chad, Balanites aegyptiaca (L.), Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) and Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. are multipurpose woody species that are found in agroforestry land use systems and contribute to the nutrition, health and economy of local populations. The purpose of the study is to assess the natural regeneration and population structure of these species in view to contribute to their domestication. The study was carried out in three land use systems (farms, fallows and savannahs). Regeneration characterization consist in a carefull excavation of root system of mother - tree and of regenerations to distinguish suckers from seedlings. The origin of the plant (sucker or seedling) was determined by carefully checking of the root system to see if there was a connection between the root of the regenerations and that of the mother - tree. In addition to the prudent excavation of the root system of the regenerations, their dendrometric parameters as well as those of the mother - tree were determined. Results show that populations of these species are not uniformly distributed in land use systems of the area. The mean density of the trees varied significantly between species (0.000<0.001) as well as in land use systems (0.000<0.001). Trees of wide diameter are significantly more abundant in farms than in savannahs (0.000<0.001). Among the 10151 juvenile trees recorded in plots, 59.58% are reiterations; 33.62% seedlings while 6.79% are suckers. S. birrea presented the highest natural suckering percentage. S. birrea shows a highest suckering percentage in the three land use systems while the lowest was that of B. aegyptiaca. The highest natural root suckering percentage is registered in fallows (7.14% in B. aegyptiaca, 12.57% in Z. mauritiana and 14.77% in S. birrea). The ecological conditions favourable to natural root suckering were those of farms whereas those of fallows were suitable for the growth and rooting of suckers. These results suggest the urgent needs to promote low coast vegetative propagation techniques like root suckering for the domestication of these important tree species.
Abstract: In the Sahelian zone of Ouaddaï in Chad, Balanites aegyptiaca (L.), Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) and Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. are multipurpose woody species that are found in agroforestry land use systems and contribute to the nutrition, health and economy of local populations. The purpose of the study is to assess the natural regeneration and pop...
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Borassus Aethiopum Ripe Fruits’ Dried Pulp Powder Optimum Incorporation Rate in White Corn-Based Diets for Egg Yolk Colouration
Nahoulé Silué,
Tagouèlbè Tiho,
Kan Adonise Yao,
Abdoul Kader Ouattara,
Nogbou Emmanuel Assidjo
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, July 2023
Pages:
161-168
Received:
13 July 2023
Accepted:
28 July 2023
Published:
9 August 2023
Abstract: The study assessed the optimum incorporation rate of Borassus aethiopum (Ba) ripe fruits’ dried pulp in laying hens’ feed. So, 72 Isa Brown laying hens of 37-week-old were allotted into 9 groups of 8 hens each. Then, 3 control diets including 60% yellow corn (60%YC), 55.2% yellow corn (55.2%YC) and 60% white corn (60%WC) were formulated. Additionally, 6 test diets were made by substituting 5%; 7.5%; 10%; 12.5% and 15% of 60%WC by Ba ripe fruits’ dried pulp. Then, randomly each hens’ group received one diet. The experiment lasted 90 days, week-39 - week-50. Each day, the eggs were weighed, and each week 3 eggs of similar weight were used per diet for analyses. So, the eggs shell, yolk, and albumen were weighed. Moreover, yolk colours were assessed according to their components L*, a* and b*. Finally, yolks total cholesterol contents were determined. In results, the laying rates fluctuated between 60.86±1.9% for 60%WC and 76.19±2.69% for WC+12.5%Ba, and egg weights fluctuated between 57.71±0.30 and 61.63±0.22 g, within 4 groups (p<0.001). Although WC+12.5%Ba generated the weightless yolks for 14.31±0.2 g compared to 15.14±0.14 for 55.2%YC, its yolks were well coloured. Also, yolk yellowness (b*) revealed 2 groups, and the good was from 60%YC, and 55.2%YC for 153.94±3.27 and 140.28±3.27, respectively (p=0.07). In the second group, WC+12.5%Ba got 90.17±5.17, and the colour was visually good. Finally, looking at the egg yolks total cholesterols contents, 55.2%YC got 30.90±1.47 mg/g, and WC+12.5%Ba exhibited 34.71±3.19 mg/g (p=0.838). To conclude, WC+12.5%Ba was the best incorporation rate.
Abstract: The study assessed the optimum incorporation rate of Borassus aethiopum (Ba) ripe fruits’ dried pulp in laying hens’ feed. So, 72 Isa Brown laying hens of 37-week-old were allotted into 9 groups of 8 hens each. Then, 3 control diets including 60% yellow corn (60%YC), 55.2% yellow corn (55.2%YC) and 60% white corn (60%WC) were formulated. Additional...
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A Regression Modelling Approach for Stem Volume Estimation of Two Exotic Plantations within Dogo-Kétou Forest Reserve, Benin Republic
Dende Ibrahim Adekanmbi,
Adandé Belarmain Fandohan,
Marc Aimé Tchoumado,
Agossou Bruno Djossa
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, July 2023
Pages:
169-175
Received:
21 July 2023
Accepted:
7 August 2023
Published:
15 August 2023
Abstract: Stem volume models play an important role in forest management, evaluating the economic value of a forest stand and assisting forest managers and other interested parties in determining the optimal strategies for the utilization and conservation of forest resources. Little attention is given to the use of multivariate regression models for plantation species in the study area. This study involved the development of a multivariate regression equation with continuous and categorical independent variables for simultaneous prediction of merchantable volume for Gmelina arborea and Tectona grandis in Dogo-Ketou Forest Reserve. Simple random sampling technique was adopted for plot location from the selected two plantations. Thirty-one temporary plots of dimension 25m by 25m were selected for complete enumeration in all the two plantations of the same age. Tree growth variables measured included diameter at breast height (Dbh) and merchantable height. All data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis. The predictors for the equation were Dbh, merchantable height and tree species type. The results of the analysis revealed that Gmelina arborea exhibited higher average Dbh and height, wider Dbh and height range, more pronounced positive skewness in Dbh distribution, and more negative skewness in height distribution compared to Tectona grandis. Kurtosis values indicated relatively flatter Dbh and height distributions for both species, with Gmelina arborea showing a more peaked height distribution. Gmelina arborea also showed higher mean volume than Tectona grandis. The multivariate regression model developed is: Volume (m3) = -0.467 + 0.024*(Height) + 2.683*(Dbh) + 0.016 (Tree species) with R2 of 91.3%. The diameter at breast height (Dbh), height, and tree species were found to be statistically significant predictors for stem volume estimation. The developed model for both plantation species will provide useful basis for yield prediction in the study area.
Abstract: Stem volume models play an important role in forest management, evaluating the economic value of a forest stand and assisting forest managers and other interested parties in determining the optimal strategies for the utilization and conservation of forest resources. Little attention is given to the use of multivariate regression models for plantati...
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